{"id":2777,"date":"2026-05-17T12:24:03","date_gmt":"2026-05-17T12:24:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/?page_id=2777"},"modified":"2026-05-18T12:31:44","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T12:31:44","slug":"publications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/fa\/publications\/","title":{"rendered":"Publications"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2777\" class=\"elementor elementor-2777\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e19ab4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7e19ab4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9700870 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"9700870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <style>\n      html,\n      body {\n        overflow-x: hidden;\n        scroll-behavior: smooth;\n      }\n\n      \/*\n        Page cleanup.\n        Important: this is intentionally scoped to page ID 2777 \/ Elementor page 2777.\n        Avoid using body:has() and avoid hiding every header on the site.\n      *\/\n      \/* Hide the current WordPress\/theme\/Elementor header ONLY on this publication page.\n         Do not use a generic header:not(.nour-code-header) rule, because that can break\n         plugin\/layout wrappers. The custom Nour header below remains visible. *\/\n      body.page-id-2777 #masthead,\n      body.page-id-2777 header#masthead,\n      body.page-id-2777 .site-header,\n      body.page-id-2777 header.site-header,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor-location-header,\n      body.page-id-2777 [data-elementor-type=\"header\"],\n      body.page-id-2777 .hfe-header,\n      body.page-id-2777 .main-header-bar,\n      body.page-id-2777 .ast-primary-header-bar,\n      body.page-id-2777 .ast-mobile-header-wrap,\n      body.page-id-2777 .ast-desktop-header-content,\n      body.page-id-2777 .wp-block-template-part,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 #masthead,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 header#masthead,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .site-header,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 header.site-header,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .elementor-location-header,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 [data-elementor-type=\"header\"],\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .hfe-header,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .main-header-bar,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .ast-primary-header-bar,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .ast-mobile-header-wrap,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .ast-desktop-header-content,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .wp-block-template-part {\n        display: none !important;\n        visibility: hidden !important;\n        opacity: 0 !important;\n        height: 0 !important;\n        min-height: 0 !important;\n        max-height: 0 !important;\n        padding: 0 !important;\n        margin: 0 !important;\n        border: 0 !important;\n        overflow: hidden !important;\n        pointer-events: none !important;\n      }\n\n      body.page-id-2777,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 {\n        background: #f6f1e8 !important;\n      }\n\n      body.page-id-2777 .entry-title,\n      body.page-id-2777 .page-title,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor-page-title,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor-heading-title.page-title,\n      body.page-id-2777 .entry-header,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .entry-title,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .page-title,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .elementor-page-title,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .elementor-heading-title.page-title,\n      body.elementor-page-2777 .entry-header {\n        display: none !important;\n      }\n\n      body.page-id-2777 .wp-site-blocks,\n      body.page-id-2777 #page,\n      body.page-id-2777 #content,\n      body.page-id-2777 .site-content,\n      body.page-id-2777 .content-area,\n      body.page-id-2777 .site-main,\n      body.page-id-2777 article,\n      body.page-id-2777 .entry-content,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor-section,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor-container,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor-column,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor-widget-wrap,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor-widget,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor-widget-container,\n      body.page-id-2777 .elementor-shortcode,\n      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!important;\n      }\n\n      .nour-publication-page,\n      .nour-publication-page *,\n      .nour-publication-page *::before,\n      .nour-publication-page *::after {\n        box-sizing: border-box;\n        direction: ltr;\n        unicode-bidi: isolate;\n        text-align: left;\n      }\n\n      .nour-publication-page {\n        --bg: #f6f1e8;\n        --panel: #fffdf9;\n        --ink: #22344d;\n        --text: #506278;\n        --muted: #8c7658;\n        --line: #ddd2c1;\n        --gold: #cc8b2d;\n        --navy: #22344d;\n        --danger: #b34d32;\n        --green: #009b49;\n        --soft-shadow: 0 18px 48px rgba(35, 52, 79, 0.10);\n\n        font-family: Inter, Arial, sans-serif;\n        color: var(--ink);\n        line-height: 1.65;\n        width: 100vw;\n        max-width: 100vw;\n        margin: 0 calc(50% - 50vw) 0 calc(50% - 50vw) !important;\n        padding: 0 !important;\n        background: var(--bg);\n        overflow: visible;\n      }\n\n      .nour-publication-page a {\n        text-decoration: none !important;\n      }\n\n      \/* GLOBAL NOUR HEADER \u2014 SAME AS ABOUT\/HOME *\/\n        .nour-code-header {\n          position: fixed;\n          top: 0;\n          left: 0;\n          right: 0;\n          z-index: 999999;\n          width: 100vw;\n          max-width: 100vw;\n          margin-left: 0;\n          margin-right: 0;\n          background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.40);\n          backdrop-filter: blur(14px);\n          -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(14px);\n          border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd2c1;\n          box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(35, 52, 79, 0.08);\n          direction: ltr;\n        }\n\n        body.admin-bar .nour-code-header {\n          top: 32px;\n        }\n\n        .nour-code-header-inner {\n          width: min(1450px, calc(100% - 16px));\n          min-height: 70px;\n          margin: 0 auto;\n          display: flex;\n          align-items: center;\n          justify-content: space-between;\n  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none;\n          font-size: 10px;\n          line-height: 1;\n        }\n\n        .nour-code-dropdown:hover .nour-code-dropdown-toggle::after,\n        .nour-code-dropdown:focus-within .nour-code-dropdown-toggle::after {\n          transform: none;\n        }\n\n        .nour-code-submenu {\n          position: absolute;\n          top: 100%;\n          left: 0;\n          min-width: 240px;\n          padding: 10px;\n          border-radius: 18px;\n          background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.96);\n          border: 1px solid #ddd2c1;\n          box-shadow: 0 18px 42px rgba(35, 52, 79, 0.16);\n          display: none;\n          z-index: 1000000;\n        }\n\n        .nour-code-dropdown:hover .nour-code-submenu,\n        .nour-code-dropdown:focus-within .nour-code-submenu {\n          display: grid;\n          gap: 6px;\n        }\n\n        .nour-code-submenu a,\n        .nour-code-submenu a:visited,\n        .nour-code-submenu a:focus {\n          display: flex;\n          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transition: transform 0.5s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.5s ease-in-out;\n        }\n\n        .nour-code-header-donate::before {\n          content: \"\";\n          position: absolute;\n          top: 0;\n          left: -100%;\n          width: 100%;\n          height: 100%;\n          background: linear-gradient(90deg, #009b49, rgb(105, 184, 141));\n          transition: left 0.5s ease-in-out;\n          z-index: -1;\n          border-radius: 14px;\n        }\n\n        .nour-code-header-donate:hover,\n        .nour-code-header-donate:focus {\n          color: #ffffff !important;\n          background: #000000 !important;\n          transform: scale(1.05);\n          box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(35, 52, 79, 0.24);\n        }\n\n        .nour-code-header-donate:hover::before,\n        .nour-code-header-donate:focus::before {\n          left: 0;\n        }\n\n        .nour-code-header-donate:active {\n          transform: scale(0.98);\n        }\n\n\n\n      \/* PUBLICATIONS CONTENT 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32px;\n        background: rgba(255, 253, 249, 0.86);\n        box-shadow: var(--soft-shadow);\n        backdrop-filter: blur(14px);\n        -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(14px);\n      }\n\n      .nour-pub-search-copy {\n        padding: 26px 28px;\n        overflow: hidden;\n        position: relative;\n      }\n\n      .nour-pub-search-copy::after {\n        content: \"\";\n        position: absolute;\n        right: -54px;\n        bottom: -72px;\n        width: 160px;\n        height: 160px;\n        border-radius: 999px;\n        background: rgba(204, 139, 45, 0.14);\n      }\n\n      .nour-pub-eyebrow {\n        display: inline-flex;\n        align-items: center;\n        gap: 8px;\n        padding: 8px 14px;\n        border-radius: 999px;\n        border: 1px solid #d8ccb9;\n        background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.72);\n        color: var(--muted);\n        font-size: 11px;\n        font-weight: 900;\n        text-transform: uppercase;\n        letter-spacing: 0.18em;\n        margin-bottom: 18px;\n      }\n\n      .nour-pub-dynamic h2,\n      .nour-pub-dynamic h3 {\n        font-family: Georgia, \"Times New Roman\", serif;\n        letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n        margin: 0;\n        color: var(--ink);\n      }\n\n      .nour-pub-search-copy h2 {\n        font-size: clamp(30px, 4vw, 48px);\n        line-height: 1.06;\n      }\n\n      .nour-pub-search-copy p,\n      .nour-pub-column-head p,\n      .nour-pub-section-bar p,\n      .nour-pub-card p {\n        color: var(--text);\n      }\n\n      .nour-pub-search-copy p {\n        max-width: 620px;\n        margin: 14px 0 0;\n        font-size: 16px;\n      }\n\n      .nour-pub-search-tags {\n        display: flex;\n        flex-wrap: wrap;\n        gap: 10px;\n        margin-top: 22px;\n        position: relative;\n        z-index: 1;\n      }\n\n      .nour-pub-search-tags span {\n        display: inline-flex;\n        align-items: center;\n        min-height: 32px;\n        padding: 7px 12px;\n        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                                                          \n                      <article class=\"nour-pub-card is-article nour-search-item\" data-search=\"atr: from political roadmap to everyday life in afghanistan 8am.media \u0645\u06cc 17, 2026 political roadmap for afghanistan the discussion of a roadmap for afghanistan\u2019s future has become a shared language across political circles, the diaspora, and intellectual forums. each group seeks to present its own vision of what lies ahead: a future shaped by a constitution, political participation, women\u2019s rights, justice, peace, and a new order. a society living under the weight of poverty, repression, migration, and the absence of any horizon needs a picture of the future. yet the central question remains: do these roadmaps actually connect with people\u2019s lives, or do they linger at the level of elite discourse? https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/atr-roadmap-afghanistan-everyday-life\/\">\n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-featured-image\">\n                            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/07.jpg-3-1.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-post-image\" alt=\"07.jpg 3 1\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/07.jpg-3-1.jpeg 900w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/07.jpg-3-1-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/07.jpg-3-1-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/07.jpg-3-1-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\"  title=\"ATR: From Political Roadmap to Everyday Life in Afghanistan\" \/>                          <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class=\"nour-pub-meta\">\n                          <span class=\"nour-pub-tag\">Political Roadmap for Afghanistan<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-source\">8am.media<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-date\">\u0645\u06cc 17, 2026<\/span>                                                  <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>ATR: From Political Roadmap to Everyday Life in Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n                                                  <p>The discussion of a roadmap for Afghanistan\u2019s future has become a shared language across political circles, the diaspora, and intellectual forums. Each group seeks to present its own vision of what lies ahead: a future shaped by a constitution, political participation, women\u2019s rights, justice, peace, and a new order. A society living under the weight of poverty, repression, migration, and the absence of any horizon needs a picture of the future. Yet the central question remains: do these roadmaps actually connect with people\u2019s lives, or do they linger at the level of elite discourse?<\/p>\n                        \n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-actions\">\n                            <a class=\"nour-pub-button primary\" href=\"https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/atr-roadmap-afghanistan-everyday-life\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read article<\/a>\n                          <\/div>\n                                              <\/article>\n                                          \n                      <article class=\"nour-pub-card is-article nour-search-item\" data-search=\"a sympathetic critique of the comprehensive composite roadmap (ccr) 8am.media \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0644 19, 2026 comprehensive composite roadmap (ccr) in recent months, i have come across various initiatives aimed at building consensus among afghanistan\u2019s political and civic forces. many of them, despite good intentions, have remained at the level of slogans or symbolic unity. in this context, the mosaic foundation\u2019s comprehensive composite roadmap (ccr) stood out to me because it approaches afghanistan\u2019s crisis in a deeper, more structural way and seeks to move beyond simple opposition to the taliban. https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/sympathetic-critique-comprehensive-composite-roadmap-ccr\/\">\n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-featured-image\">\n                            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"549\" src=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/CCR-1024x549.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-post-image\" alt=\"ccr\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/CCR-1024x549.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/CCR-300x161.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/CCR-768x412.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/CCR-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/CCR.jpg 1397w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"  title=\"A Sympathetic Critique of the Comprehensive Composite Roadmap (CCR)\" \/>                          <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class=\"nour-pub-meta\">\n                          <span class=\"nour-pub-tag\">Comprehensive Composite Roadmap (CCR)<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-source\">8am.media<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-date\">\u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0644 19, 2026<\/span>                                                  <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>A Sympathetic Critique of the Comprehensive Composite Roadmap (CCR)<\/h3>\n\n                                                  <p>In recent months, I have come across various initiatives aimed at building consensus among Afghanistan\u2019s political and civic forces. Many of them, despite good intentions, have remained at the level of slogans or symbolic unity. In this context, the Mosaic Foundation\u2019s Comprehensive Composite Roadmap (CCR) stood out to me because it approaches Afghanistan\u2019s crisis in a deeper, more structural way and seeks to move beyond simple opposition to the Taliban.<\/p>\n                        \n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-actions\">\n                            <a class=\"nour-pub-button primary\" href=\"https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/sympathetic-critique-comprehensive-composite-roadmap-ccr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read article<\/a>\n                          <\/div>\n                                              <\/article>\n                                          \n                      <article class=\"nour-pub-card is-article nour-search-item\" data-search=\"why does afghanistan always halt at the threshold of modernity? 8am.media \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2, 2025 afghanistan and modernity these days, a familiar question circulates among afghan politicians and intellectuals: how can the taliban regime be changed or dismantled? some argue that this transformation must be achieved by any means necessary. others remain uncertain about the path forward. a few hope that the passage of time will pressure the taliban into altering their ways, while some still cling to the belief that the movement can somehow be reformed. https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/why-does-afghanistan-always-halt-at-the-threshold-of-modernity\/\">\n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-featured-image\">\n                            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"567\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghanistan_urban_rural_divide_mountains.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-post-image\" alt=\"afghanistan urban rural divide mountains\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghanistan_urban_rural_divide_mountains.jpg 567w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghanistan_urban_rural_divide_mountains-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghanistan_urban_rural_divide_mountains-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\"  title=\"Why Does Afghanistan Always Halt at the Threshold of Modernity?\" \/>                          <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class=\"nour-pub-meta\">\n                          <span class=\"nour-pub-tag\">Afghanistan and Modernity<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-source\">8am.media<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-date\">\u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2, 2025<\/span>                                                  <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>Why Does Afghanistan Always Halt at the Threshold of Modernity?<\/h3>\n\n                                                  <p>These days, a familiar question circulates among Afghan politicians and intellectuals: how can the Taliban regime be changed or dismantled? Some argue that this transformation must be achieved by any means necessary. Others remain uncertain about the path forward. A few hope that the passage of time will pressure the Taliban into altering their ways, while some still cling to the belief that the movement can somehow be reformed.<\/p>\n                        \n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-actions\">\n                            <a class=\"nour-pub-button primary\" href=\"https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/why-does-afghanistan-always-halt-at-the-threshold-of-modernity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read article<\/a>\n                          <\/div>\n                                              <\/article>\n                                          \n                      <article class=\"nour-pub-card is-article nour-search-item\" data-search=\"the philosophy of primitivism in afghanistan\u2019s history 8am.media \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 13, 2025 when we speak of primitivism, we do not merely mean tribal life or simple living. primitivism is a historical stage in which social relations are still governed by blood, lineage, tradition, and tribal custom, while rationality, individual autonomy, and civic institutions have yet to emerge. in the early stages of history, primitivism served a purpose: it united tribes and enabled them to resist external enemies. but in today\u2019s world, remaining in a primitive condition is not progress, but backwardness, a burden on society. https:\/\/c\/eng\/the-philosophy-of-primitivism-in-afghanistans-history\/\">\n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-featured-image\">\n                            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"877\" height=\"541\" src=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghan_fortress_ruins_historical_military_camp.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-post-image\" alt=\"afghan fortress ruins historical military camp\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghan_fortress_ruins_historical_military_camp.jpg 877w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghan_fortress_ruins_historical_military_camp-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghan_fortress_ruins_historical_military_camp-768x474.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghan_fortress_ruins_historical_military_camp-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\"  title=\"The Philosophy of Primitivism in Afghanistan\u2019s History\" \/>                          <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class=\"nour-pub-meta\">\n                                                    <span class=\"nour-pub-source\">8am.media<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-date\">\u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 13, 2025<\/span>                                                  <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>The Philosophy of Primitivism in Afghanistan\u2019s History<\/h3>\n\n                                                  <p>When we speak of primitivism, we do not merely mean tribal life or simple living. Primitivism is a historical stage in which social relations are still governed by blood, lineage, tradition, and tribal custom, while rationality, individual autonomy, and civic institutions have yet to emerge. In the early stages of history, primitivism served a purpose: it united tribes and enabled them to resist external enemies. But in today\u2019s world, remaining in a primitive condition is not progress, but backwardness, a burden on society.<\/p>\n                        \n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-actions\">\n                            <a class=\"nour-pub-button primary\" href=\"https:\/\/c\/eng\/the-philosophy-of-primitivism-in-afghanistans-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read article<\/a>\n                          <\/div>\n                                              <\/article>\n                                          \n                      <article class=\"nour-pub-card is-article nour-search-item\" data-search=\"why didn\u2019t we become a nation? 8am.media \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 14, 2025 afghan nation one of the central questions in afghanistan\u2019s modern history is why we have never managed to form a unified nation. for more than a century, we have had experience with state-building, repeatedly creating new institutions, and, in the past twenty years, we have been presented with unprecedented opportunities to construct a modern nation under extensive western presence and support. yet the outcome was not the emergence of a shared identity, but rather a deepening of crises and social fragmentation. even today, afghanistan remains less a nation-state than a patchwork of local and fragmented loyalties. https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/why-didnt-we-become-a-nation\/\">\n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-featured-image\">\n                            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"571\" src=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghanistan-flag-map-national-identity.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-post-image\" alt=\"afghanistan flag map national identity\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghanistan-flag-map-national-identity.jpg 793w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghanistan-flag-map-national-identity-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghanistan-flag-map-national-identity-768x553.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/afghanistan-flag-map-national-identity-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\"  title=\"Why Didn\u2019t We Become a Nation?\" \/>                          <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class=\"nour-pub-meta\">\n                          <span class=\"nour-pub-tag\">Afghan Nation<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-source\">8am.media<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-date\">\u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 14, 2025<\/span>                                                  <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>Why Didn\u2019t We Become a Nation?<\/h3>\n\n                                                  <p>One of the central questions in Afghanistan\u2019s modern history is why we have never managed to form a unified nation. For more than a century, we have had experience with state-building, repeatedly creating new institutions, and, in the past twenty years, we have been presented with unprecedented opportunities to construct a modern nation under extensive Western presence and support. Yet the outcome was not the emergence of a shared identity, but rather a deepening of crises and social fragmentation. Even today, Afghanistan remains less a nation-state than a patchwork of local and fragmented loyalties.<\/p>\n                        \n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-actions\">\n                            <a class=\"nour-pub-button primary\" href=\"https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/why-didnt-we-become-a-nation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read article<\/a>\n                          <\/div>\n                                              <\/article>\n                                          \n                      <article class=\"nour-pub-card is-article nour-search-item\" data-search=\"part i: introduction to the tree of civility: afghanistan\u2019s unfinished transition 8am.media \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 23, 2025 afghanistan\u2019s unfinished transition this model is composed of six parts: roots, trunk, branches, leaves, fruits, and the guiding light. each of these components holds a distinct meaning in afghanistan\u2019s historical transition, and each will be explained separately in the following sections. the plan is to write articles for each part, aligned with afghanistan\u2019s realities, to serve as a guide for the country\u2019s transition to civility. https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/introduction-to-the-tree-of-civility-afghanistans-unfinished-transition\/\">\n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-featured-image\">\n                            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Tree-Civility-Model-1140x713-1-1024x640.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-post-image\" alt=\"tree civility model 1140x713\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Tree-Civility-Model-1140x713-1-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Tree-Civility-Model-1140x713-1-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Tree-Civility-Model-1140x713-1-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Tree-Civility-Model-1140x713-1-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Tree-Civility-Model-1140x713-1.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"  title=\"Part I: Introduction to the Tree of Civility: Afghanistan\u2019s Unfinished Transition\" \/>                          <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class=\"nour-pub-meta\">\n                          <span class=\"nour-pub-tag\">Afghanistan\u2019s Unfinished Transition<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-source\">8am.media<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-date\">\u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 23, 2025<\/span>                                                  <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>Part I: Introduction to the Tree of Civility: Afghanistan\u2019s Unfinished Transition<\/h3>\n\n                                                  <p>This model is composed of six parts: roots, trunk, branches, leaves, fruits, and the guiding light. Each of these components holds a distinct meaning in Afghanistan\u2019s historical transition, and each will be explained separately in the following sections. The plan is to write articles for each part, aligned with Afghanistan\u2019s realities, to serve as a guide for the country\u2019s transition to civility.<\/p>\n                        \n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-actions\">\n                            <a class=\"nour-pub-button primary\" href=\"https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/introduction-to-the-tree-of-civility-afghanistans-unfinished-transition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read article<\/a>\n                          <\/div>\n                                              <\/article>\n                                          \n                      <article class=\"nour-pub-card is-article nour-search-item\" data-search=\"the cycle of elites and the persistence of tribal power 8am.media \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 9, 2025 history for more than a century, since the reign of abdur rahman khan, afghan politics has revolved around a recurring pattern: to preserve stability, the center of power co-opts part of the ethnic elite while sidelining the rest. i call this the \u201cabdur rahman scenario\u201d: concentration at the center, concession at the margins, and the exclusion of justice from the core. https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/the-cycle-of-elites-and-the-persistence-of-tribal-power\/\">\n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-featured-image\">\n                            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/abdur-rahman-khan-1140x713-1-1024x640.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-post-image\" alt=\"abdur rahman khan 1140x713\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/abdur-rahman-khan-1140x713-1-1024x640.png 1024w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/abdur-rahman-khan-1140x713-1-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/abdur-rahman-khan-1140x713-1-768x480.png 768w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/abdur-rahman-khan-1140x713-1-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/abdur-rahman-khan-1140x713-1.png 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"  title=\"The Cycle of Elites and the Persistence of Tribal Power\" \/>                          <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class=\"nour-pub-meta\">\n                          <span class=\"nour-pub-tag\">History <\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-source\">8am.media<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-date\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 9, 2025<\/span>                                                  <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>The Cycle of Elites and the Persistence of Tribal Power<\/h3>\n\n                                                  <p>For more than a century, since the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan, Afghan politics has revolved around a recurring pattern: to preserve stability, the center of power co-opts part of the ethnic elite while sidelining the rest. I call this the \u201cAbdur Rahman Scenario\u201d: concentration at the center, concession at the margins, and the exclusion of justice from the core.<\/p>\n                        \n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-actions\">\n                            <a class=\"nour-pub-button primary\" href=\"https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/the-cycle-of-elites-and-the-persistence-of-tribal-power\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read article<\/a>\n                          <\/div>\n                                              <\/article>\n                                          \n                      <article class=\"nour-pub-card is-article nour-search-item\" data-search=\"a confused diaspora and the forgotten question 8am.media \u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0647 11, 2026 afghanistan in recent months, it takes only a few days of following afghan diaspora discussions on social media to encounter a familiar pattern: waves of recurring questions, long debates, and conclusions that often circle back to the starting point. what political system does afghanistan need? are afghans ready for democracy? what could unite us against the taliban? these questions are not asked out of irresponsibility. on the contrary, they show that the diaspora still cares, has not disengaged, and still wants to have a stake in the country\u2019s future. yet at the same time, these questions reveal a deeper reality: confusion. https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/a-confused-diaspora-and-the-forgotten-question\/\">\n                        \n                        <div class=\"nour-pub-meta\">\n                          <span class=\"nour-pub-tag\">Afghanistan<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-source\">8am.media<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-date\">\u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0647 11, 2026<\/span>                                                  <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>A Confused Diaspora and the Forgotten Question<\/h3>\n\n                                                  <p>In recent months, it takes only a few days of following Afghan diaspora discussions on social media to encounter a familiar pattern: waves of recurring questions, long debates, and conclusions that often circle back to the starting point. What political system does Afghanistan need? Are Afghans ready for democracy? What could unite us against the Taliban? These questions are not asked out of irresponsibility. On the contrary, they show that the diaspora still cares, has not disengaged, and still wants to have a stake in the country\u2019s future. Yet at the same time, these questions reveal a deeper reality: confusion.<\/p>\n                        \n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-actions\">\n                            <a class=\"nour-pub-button primary\" href=\"https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/a-confused-diaspora-and-the-forgotten-question\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read article<\/a>\n                          <\/div>\n                                              <\/article>\n                                          \n                      <article class=\"nour-pub-card is-article nour-search-item\" data-search=\"the taliban\u2019s opponents and afghanistan\u2019s crisis of unity 8am.media \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0644 4, 2026 afghanistan afghanistan\u2019s current crisis cannot be explained by the taliban alone. the taliban are not an isolated historical accident; they are the latest and most extreme expression of a much older political pattern in afghanistan: the concentration of power, the suppression of reformist forces, and the repeated reproduction of authoritarian rule. https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/the-talibans-opponents-and-afghanistans-crisis-of-unity\/\">\n                        \n                        <div class=\"nour-pub-meta\">\n                          <span class=\"nour-pub-tag\">Afghanistan<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-source\">8am.media<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-date\">\u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0644 4, 2026<\/span>                                                  <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>The Taliban\u2019s Opponents and Afghanistan\u2019s Crisis of Unity<\/h3>\n\n                                                  <p>Afghanistan\u2019s current crisis cannot be explained by the Taliban alone. The Taliban are not an isolated historical accident; they are the latest and most extreme expression of a much older political pattern in Afghanistan: the concentration of power, the suppression of reformist forces, and the repeated reproduction of authoritarian rule.<\/p>\n                        \n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-actions\">\n                            <a class=\"nour-pub-button primary\" href=\"https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/the-talibans-opponents-and-afghanistans-crisis-of-unity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read article<\/a>\n                          <\/div>\n                                              <\/article>\n                                          \n                      <article class=\"nour-pub-card is-article nour-search-item\" data-search=\"afghanistan: the repetition of failure 8am.media \u0645\u06cc 5, 2026 afghanistan over the past half-century, afghanistan has repeatedly been confronted with grand promises. each time, those promises arrived under a different name: salvation, revolution, jihad, democracy, state-building, the war on terror, peace, stability, or sharia. every era began with a new language, but in many cases ended with the same old result: an unstable system, a wounded society, an unfinished state-building project, and a nation that has still not been given the chance to define itself as a shared political will. https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/afghanistan-the-repetition-of-failure\/\">\n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-featured-image\">\n                            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"532\" src=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/66s-1024x532.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-post-image\" alt=\"66s\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/66s-1024x532.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/66s-300x156.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/66s-768x399.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/66s-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/nourpeacefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/66s.jpg 1429w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"  title=\"Afghanistan: The Repetition of Failure\" \/>                          <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class=\"nour-pub-meta\">\n                          <span class=\"nour-pub-tag\">Afghanistan<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-source\">8am.media<\/span>                          <span class=\"nour-pub-date\">\u0645\u06cc 5, 2026<\/span>                                                  <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>Afghanistan: The Repetition of Failure<\/h3>\n\n                                                  <p>Over the past half-century, Afghanistan has repeatedly been confronted with grand promises. Each time, those promises arrived under a different name: salvation, revolution, jihad, democracy, state-building, the war on terror, peace, stability, or Sharia. Every era began with a new language, but in many cases ended with the same old result: an unstable system, a wounded society, an unfinished state-building project, and a nation that has still not been given the chance to define itself as a shared political will.<\/p>\n                        \n                                                  <div class=\"nour-pub-actions\">\n                            <a class=\"nour-pub-button primary\" href=\"https:\/\/8am.media\/eng\/afghanistan-the-repetition-of-failure\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read article<\/a>\n                          <\/div>\n                                              <\/article>\n                                                                          <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div id=\"nourPubNoResultsDynamic\" class=\"nour-pub-no-results\">No article or video matched your search.<\/div>\n          <\/section>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/main>\n\n      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